Anti-Polish sentiment

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The terms Polonophobia, anti-Polonism, antipolonism and anti-Polish sentiment refer to a spectrum of hostile attitudes toward Poles. These terms have been used in relation to tensions obtaining between Poles or persons of Polish descent, and other peoples, whether living in direct proximity to Poles or in remoter areas of the world.

Use of the term

The term "anti-Polonism" (a loanword from the Polish: antypolonizm) was coined in Poland before 1919. It was used by progressive Polish thinkers such as Jan Józef Lipski during the Solidarity years,^[1] in connection with allegations of Polish antisemitism. It reappeared in Polish nationalist circles in the 1990s and eventually entered mainstream use, reflected in leading Polish newspapers such as Gazeta Wyborcza.^[2] In recent years anti-Polonism, or Polonophobia, has been studied at length in scholarly works by Polish, German, American and Russian researchers.^[3][4]

Description

Forms of hostility toward Poles and Polish culture include:

• organized persecution of the Poles as a nation or as an ethnic group, often based on the belief that Polish interests are a threat to one's own national aspirations;
• racist anti-Polonism, a variety of xenophobia;
• cultural anti-Polonism: a prejudice against Poles and Polish-speaking persons—their customs, language and education;
• belittling of the moral effort of ethnic Poles during World War II, such as the assistance that they rendered to Polish Jews.^[5]

A historic example of Polonophobia was polakożerstwo (in English, "the devouring of Poles") — a Polish term introduced during the 19th century in relation to the annexed areas of Poland. It described the forcible suppression of Polish culture, education and religion, and the elimination of Poles from public life and from landed property in Eastern Germany under Otto von Bismarck, especially during the Kulturkampf and up to the end of World War I.^[6] Similar policies were implemented, mainly under Tsar Nicholas II,^[7] in the Polish territories that had been annexed by the Russian Empire.^[8]

Historic actions inspired by anti-Polonism ranged from felonious acts motivated by hatred, to physical extermination of the Polish nation, the goal of which was to eradicate the Polish state. During World War II, when most of Polish society became the object of Nazi genocidal policies, German anti-Polonism led to a campaign of mass murder.^[9]

At present, among those who most often express their hostile attitude towards the Polish people are various German and Russian politicians and their political parties.^[10]

Persecution of ethnic Poles (to 1918)

Anti-Polish rhetoric combined with the condemnation of Polish culture was most prominent in the 18th century Prussia during the partitions of Poland. For instance Johann Georg Forster in his letters dismissed the idea that the Poles were a part of European culture, comparing them to primitive tribes and portraying Poland as an underdeveloped, uncivilized land awaiting the importation of Kultur from "truly civilized countries". Such views were later repeated in the German ideas of Lebensraum and exploited by the Nazis.^[11] German academics in the 18th – 20th century attempted to project, in the difference between Germany and Poland, a boundary between civilization and barbarism; high German Kultur, and "primitive Slavdom".^[12] Prussian officials encouraged the view that the Poles were culturally inferior and in need of Prussian tutelage.^[13] Not surprisingly, such racist texts published from the 18th century on were republished by the German Reich prior to and after its Invasion of Poland.

Frederick the Great nourished a particular hatred and contempt for Polish people. He spoke of the Poles as "slovenly Polish trash", "the Iroquois of Europe" and "a barbarous people sunk in ignorance and stupidity".^[13][14] His all-encompassing anti-Polish campaign was exemplified in that even the nobility of Polish background living in Prussia were obliged to pay higher taxes than that of German heritage. Polish monasteries were viewed as "lairs of idleness" and their property often seized by Prussian authorities. The prevalent Catholicism among Poles was stigmatized. The Polish language was persecuted on all levels.

When Poland lost the last vestiges of its independence in 1795 and remained partitioned for 123 years, ethnic Poles were subjected to discrimination on two separate fronts: the Germanization under Prussian and later German rule, and Russification in the territories annexed by the Imperial Russia.

In Russia, being a Polish person was in itself almost culpable. "Practically all of the Russian government, bureaucracy, and society were united in one outburst against the Poles... Rumor mongers informed the population about an order that had supposedly been given to kill... and take away their land."^[8] Polish culture and religion were seen as threats to Russian imperial ambitions. Tsarist Namestniks suppressed them on Polish lands by force.^[3] Their anti-Polish campaign, which included confiscation of Polish nobles' property,^[15] was being waged in the arenas of education, religion as well as language.^[3] Polish schools and universities were being closed in a stepped up campaign of russification. In addition to executions and mass deportations of Poles to Katorga camps, Tsar Nicholas I established an occupation army at Poland's expense.^[7] At the same time, with the emergence of Panslavist ideology, Russian writers accused the Polish nation of betraying their "Slavic family", because of their armed efforts aimed at regaining independence.^[16] Hostility toward Poles was present in many of Russia's literary works and media of the time.^[17] The fact that Poles were overwhelmingly of Catholic (and not Orthodox) faith, likewise gave impetus to religious persecution.^[18]

In Prussia, and later in Germany, Poles were forbidden to build homes, and their properties were targeted for forced buy-outs financed by the Prussian and German governments. Otto von Bismarck described Poles, as animals (wolves), that "one shoots if one can" and implemented several harsh laws aiming at their expulsion from traditionally Polish lands. The Polish language was banned from public, and ethnically Polish children tortured at schools,^[19] just for speaking Polish (see: Września). Poles were subjected to a wave of forceful evictions (Rugi Pruskie). German government financed and encouraged settlement of ethnic Germans into those areas aiming at their geopolitical germanisation.^[20] The Prussian Landtag passed laws against Catholics.^[21]

During World War I, Imperial Germany made plans to take control over the territories of Congress Poland and impose a population transfer of Polish and Jewish people followed by a new wave of settlement by ethnic Germans.^[22][23][24]

Persecution of ethnic Poles (1918-39)

After Poland regained her independence as the Second Republic at the end of World War I, the question of new Polish borders could not have been easily settled against the will of her former long-term occupiers. Poles continued to be persecuted in the disputed territories, especially in Silesia. The German campaign of discrimination contributed to the Silesian Uprisings, with the Polish workers openly threatened that they would lose their jobs and pensions if they voted for Poland in Upper Silesia plebiscite.^[25]

World War II (1939-45)

"Whether numbers, gasoline, bombs, or bread, we bring Poland death." Painted on German Ju-52 transport-plane fuselage during the 1939 invasion of Poland.

Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, Leszno, Poland, October 1939

Hostility toward Polish people reached a particular peak during World War II, when Poles became the subject of ethnic cleansing on unprecedented scale, including: Nazi German genocide in General Government, Soviet executions and mass deportations to Siberia from Kresy, as well as massacres of Poles in Volhynia, a campaign of ethnic cleansing carried out in today Western Ukraine by Ukrainian nationalists. Millions of citizens of Poland, both ethnic Poles and Jews, died in German concentration camps such as Auschwitz. Unspecified number perished in Soviet "gulags" and its political prisons.

Soviet policy following their 1939 invasion of Poland in World War II was ruthless, and sometimes coordinated with the Nazis (see: Gestapo-NKVD Conferences). Elements of ethnic cleansing included Soviet mass executions of Polish prisoners of war in the Katyn Massacre and at other sites, and the exile of up to 1.5 million Polish citizens, including intelligentsia, academics and priests, to forced-labor camps in Siberia.

In the German and Soviet war propaganda, Poles were being mocked as inept for their military techniques of fighting the war. Nazi fake newsreels and forged pseudo-documentaries claimed that the Polish cavalry "bravely but futilely" charged the German tanks in 1939, and that the Polish Air Force was wiped out on the ground on the opening day of the war. Neither tale was true (see: Myths of the Polish September Campaign). German propaganda staged the Polish cavalry charge in their 1941 reel called "Geschwader Lützow",^[26] and had the Soviet communist party disseminate their fabrications over time.

Poland relationship with the USSR during WWII was tricky. The main Western Powers, US and UK, understood the importance of the USSR to defeating Germany to the point of allowing Soviet propaganda to vilify their Polish ally.^[27] The western Allies were even willing to help cover up the Soviet massacre at Katyn.^[28] Even today Katyn is not accept in the west as a war crime.^[29] The British people initially accepted the Polish servicemen^[30] but as the Soviet started to make gains on the Eastern Front both public opinion and the Government of the UK turned against them.^[30] Supporters of the socialist made the Poles out to be “warmongers”, “anti-Semites” and “fascists”.^[31] After the war, the trade unions and Labour party played on the fears of there not being enough jobs, food and housing. There were even anti-Polish rallies.^[31]

With the conclusion of the Second World War, Nazi atrocities perforce ended. However, Soviet oppression of the Poles continued. Under Stalin, thousands of soldiers of Poland's Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and returning veterans of the Polish Armed Forces that had served with the Western Allies were imprisoned, tortured by NKWD agents (see: W. Pilecki, Ł. Ciepliński) and murdered following staged trials like the infamous Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. Similar fate awaited the Cursed soldiers. At least 40,000 members of Poland’s Home Army were deported to Russia.^[32]

During the political transformations of the Soviet controlled Eastern block in the 1980s, the traditional German anti-Polish feeling was again blatantly exploited in GDR against Solidarność. This tactic had become especially apparent in the "rejuvenation of 'Polish jokes,' some of which reminded listeners of the spread of such jokes under the Nazis."^[33]

Polish death camps controversy

German concentration camp patch with the letter "P": required wear for Polish inmates

Instances of anti-Polish sentiment are being attributed today to a number of descriptive terms used by non-Polish media in relation to World War II. The most prominent example being the continued Western media reference to the "Polish death camps" or "Polish concentration camps".^[34][35][36]

The phrase refers to the network of German concentration camps, set up and run by Nazi Germany on occupied Polish lands. A large percentage of the millions of victims of those camps included Poles. However, the potentially confusing media reference tends to shift the responsibility for those camps onto them.

The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as the Polish organizations around the world and all Polish governments since 1989 condemned the usage of such expressions often originating in carelessness. The American Jewish Committee stated in its January 30, 2005 press release: "This is not a mere semantic matter. Historical integrity and accuracy hang in the balance.... Any misrepresentation of Poland's role in the Second World War, whether intentional or accidental, would be most regrettable and therefore should not be left unchallenged."^[37]

Most notable examples of an ongoing controversy include the April 30, 2004 CTV News report making references to "the Polish camp in Treblinka". The Polish embassy in Canada lodged a complaint with CTV. Robert Hurst of CTV, however, argued that the expression, "Polish death camp", is common usage in news organizations including those in the United States, and declined to issue a correction.^[38]

The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. The Council did not accept Hurst's argument and ruled against CTV stating that the word ""Polish"—similarly to such adjectives as "English", "French" and "German"—had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context. Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper". CTV broadcasted the decision during prime time.^[39]

The Polish Ministry of Foreign affairs has stated. "That example of a successful campaign against the distortion of historic truth by the media—and in defense of the good name of Poland—will hopefully reduce the number of similar incidents in the future". Also cited as a similar example of anti-Polish sentiment, is the phrase "Polish Nazis" used in relation to non-Polish paramilitary groups operating on Polish soil during World War II,^[40] disseminated by Norwegian State Broadcasting Corporation, NRK.^[41] The Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem officially considered this claim by NRK a falsification "offensive to historical truth".^[40]

Polish jokes

The so called "Polish jokes" belong to a category of conditional jokes, which means that their understanding requires knowledge of "what a Polish joke is." Conditional jokes depend upon the audience's affective preference, or their likes and dislikes. Although these jokes might be understood by many, their success depends entirely upon the negative disposition of the listener.^[42]

Presumably the first Polish jokes by German DPs (displaced persons) fleeing war-torn Europe were brought to America in the late 1940s. These jokes were fuelled by ethnic slurs disseminated by German National Socialist propaganda, which attempted to justify the Nazi murder by presenting Poles as "dreck", dirty, stupid and inferior.^[43] It is also possible that some of the earliest American Polack jokes from Germany, were originally told before World War II in disputed border-regions such as Silesia.^[44]

There's a debate whether these early "Polish jokes" brought to states like Wisconsin by German immigrants were directly related to the wave of American jokes of the early 1960s. Some of the most "provocative critique of previous scholarship on the subject"^[45] has been made by British writer Christie Davies in The Mirth of Nations suggesting that "Polish jokes" did not originate in Nazi Germany, but a lot earlier, as an outgrowth of regional jokes rooted in "social class differences reaching back to the nineteenth century." According to Davies, American versions of Polish jokes are an unrelated "purely American phenomenon" and do not express the "historical Old World hatreds of the Germans for the Poles."^[46]

For decades, Polish Americans like other groups have been the subject of derogatory jokes originating in the malicious stereotype developed in the U.S. before the 1920s. During the Partitions of Poland, Polish immigrants came to America in considerable numbers fleeing mass persecution at home. They were taking the only jobs available to them, usually requiring physical labour. The same ethnic and job-related stereotypes persisted even as Polish Americans joined the middle class in mid 20th century. "These degrading stereotypes were far from harmless. The constant derision, often publicly disseminated through the mass media, caused serious identity crises, feeling of inadequacy, and low self-esteem for many Polish Americans." In spite of the heroic plight of Polish people against the Cold War communism, negative stereotypes about Polish Americans endured.^[47]

Since the late 1960s, Polish American organizations made continuous effort to challenge the negative stereotyping of the Polish people once prevalent in American media. 1960's & 70's TV shows like "All in the Family", "The Tonight Show", "Laugh-In" constantly demeaned Poles with hateful jokes^[47] The "Polish jokes" heard in the 1970s were particularly offensive, so much so that the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs approached the U.S. State Department about that, however unsuccessfully. The syndrome receded only after Cardinal Karol Wojtyła was elected pope, and Polish jokes became passé.^[48] Gradually, Americans have developed a more positive image of their Polish neighbors in the following decades.^[47]

The play called “Polish Joke” by David Ives has resulted in a number of complaints by the Polonia in the US.^[49]

Present-day hostility to Polish people

Once overwhelming anti-Polish sentiment can still be found in the U.S., even though it has become less prevalent in the early 21st century. For example, in 2003, a Polish tourist couple was attacked and stabbed with a knife in Palm Springs, California by two teen supremacists who took offense to the fact that the Poles “could not apologize in English.” The suspects were accused of a hate crime.^[50]

On November 14, 2007, FOX aired the episode of Back to You, "Something's Up There", which contained a controversial Polish slur. The slur involved Marsh trying to convince the show's lone Polish-American character, Gary, to go bowling after work by saying: "Come on, it's in your blood, like kielbasa and collaborating with the Nazis."

FOX later apologized on November 20, 2007. They vowed never to air the line of dialogue again in repeats and/or syndicated broadcasts. FOX stated that, "The line was delivered by a character known for being ignorant, clueless, and for saying outlandish things. Allowing the line to remain in the show, however, demonstrated poor judgment, and we apologize to anyone who was offended."^[51]

Back in Europe, continued attacks on Poles in Moscow prompted the Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski to call on Russian government to stop them. "In my capacity as president of the Polish republic—Kwaśniewski said in an official statement—I address, to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, an appeal calling on the Russian authorities to undertake energetic action to identify and punish the organisers and perpetrators of the assaults."^[52] An employee with the Polish embassy in Moscow was hospitalised in serious condition after being beaten in broad daylight near the embassy by unidentified men. Three days later, another Polish diplomat was beaten up near the embassy. The following day the Moscow correspondent for the Polish daily Rzeczpospolita was attacked and beaten by a group of Russians.^[52]

Polish people, living in Britain, reported 42 racially motivated attacks against them in 2007, compared with 28 in 2004. The Conservative MP Daniel Kawczynski was convinced that the increase in violence towards Poles is in part "a result of the media coverage by the BBC" whose reporters "won't dare refer to controversial immigration from other countries."^[53] Kawczynski voiced his criticism of the BBC in the House of Commons for "using the Polish community as a cat's paw to try to tackle the thorny issue of mass, unchecked immigration" only because against Poles "it's politically correct to do so."^[53]

Since Poles started to arrive in the UK after EU enlargement, the Daily Mail run articles which the Federation of Poles in Great Britain felt defamed Poles. In the end they raised a formal complaint with Press Complaints Commission. The PCC arranged a deal between the Federation and the Daily Mail.^[54]

On July 26, 2008, The Times published a comment piece by Giles Coren alleging persecution of his family by Polish people and containing general anti-Polish sentiment.^[55] In the piece, entitled "Two waves of immigration, Poles apart"^[56] Coren uses a racial slur, the word 'Polack', to describe Polish immigrants, who can "clear off". Coren claims Poland was complicit in the 6 million deaths of the Jewish Holocaust, a minority opinion that is contested.^[57]

The piece prompted a letter of complaint to The Times from the Polish ambassador to the UK, Barbara Tuge-Erecinska, entitled "Poland’s role in the Holocaust". The ambassador criticizes Coren's text as "unsupported by any basic historic or geographic knowledge." She writes that "the issue of Polish-Jewish relations has been unfairly and deeply falsified" by his "aggressive remarks" and "contempt".^[58]

Coren replied in his column the following week, stating "I wrote in passing that the Poles remain in denial about their responsibility for the Holocaust." He asked the ambassador to explain the Kielce pogrom which occurred 15 months after the war finished, and in which 37 Jews were killed at the hands of Poles.^[59]

Coren's comments caused the Federation of Poles in Great Britain to demand a published apology from The Times under threat of an official complaint to the Press Complaints Commission, which has the power to force an apology.^[60]

Political use of the term

The term "anti-Polonism" is used for campaign purposes by political parties such as the League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin) or Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej)^[61] as well as by Polish far-right extremist organizations such as Association against Anti-Polonism led by former presidential candidate and leader of extremist Polish National Party Leszek Bubel.^[62] Bubel was taken to court by a group of ten well-known Polish intellectuals who filed a lawsuit against him for "violating the public good". Among the signatories were: former Foreign Minister Władysław Bartoszewski and filmmaker Kazimierz Kutz.^[63]

According to writer Joanna Michlic, the term is used in Poland also as an argument against the self-critical intellectuals who openly discuss Polish-Jewish relations, accusing them of "anti-Polish positions and interests". In that sense, the charge is "not limited to arguments that can objectively be classified as anti-Polish—such as equating the Poles with the Nazis—but rather applied to any critical inquiry into the collective past. Moreover, anti-Polonism is equated with anti-Semitism."^[64] Historian Jan T. Gross has been accused of being anti-Polish when he wrote about crimes such as the Jedwabne massacre.^{^} Publisher Adam Michnik wrote for the New York Times that "almost all Poles react very sharply when confronted with the charge that Poles get their anti-Semitism with their mothers' milk." Such attacks are interpreted by anti-Semites as "proof of the international anti-Polish Jewish conspiracy".^[65] In January 1994, a Gazeta Wyborcza journalist, Michał Cichy, described the murders of scores of Jews by members of Polish military organizations, including the Home Army (AK) during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Cichy's findings were confirmed by a number of Polish historians,^[66] but his article elicited some protests within Poland.^[67] Tomasz Strzembosz accused Cichy of practicing a 'distinct type of racism,' and charged Gazety Wyborcza editor Adam Michnik with 'cultivating a species of tolerance that is absolutely intolerant of antisemitism yet regards anti-Polonism and anti-Goyism as something altogether natural'."^[68] Michnik responded to the controversy by praising the heroism of the AK, while asking "Is it an attack on Polish people when the past is being explored to seek the truth?"^[69] Cichy later reportedly apologized for the tone of his article.^[70]

The notion of anti-Polonism" has been used in some instances as a justification for Polish antisemitism. Cardinal Józef Glemp in his controversial and widely criticized speech delivered in August 26, 1989 argued that the outbursts of antisemitism are a "legitimate form of national self-defence against Jewish 'Anti-Polonism'."^[71] In a display of rhetorical skill he "asked Jews who 'have great power over the mass media in many countries' to rein in their anti-Polonism because 'if there won't be anti-Polonism, there won't be such antisemitism among us'."^[72] Similar concerns, but with less display, were echoed in Rethinking Poles and Jews by Robert Cherry and Annamaria Orla-Bukowska who noted that anti-Polonism and anti-Semitism remain "grotesquely twinned into our own time. We cannot combat the one without combating the other."^[73]

References

• ^ "Jacek Kurczewski, Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, and David Warszawski contributed a number of commentaries and essays on the Jedwabne massacre and its moral implications and on a wide variety of social and ethical problems raised by the event. Halina Bortnowska wrote a poem, "Psalm dla pielgrzymów do Jedwabnego" (Psalm for the pilgrims to Jedwabne), which appeared in Gazeta Wyborcza a month before the official commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of the massacre. The nationalist press labelled this group of authors "flagellators" (biczownicy) who represent an anti-Polish position."
  — Joanna Michlic, "The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre." See: pg. 14.

Bibliography

• Koźmian, Stanisław O działaniach i dziełach Bismarcka, "Przegląd Polski", September 1875, pp. 356-388 and October 1875, pp. 110-123,
• Lukas, Richard C. and Norman Davies (foreword) Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944, (2001, c1996)
• Lukas, Richard C.: Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember The Nazi Occupation
• Lukas, Richard C.: Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945
• Mikołaj Teres: Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces, Toronto, 1993, ISBN 0-9698020-0-5.
• Ryszard Torzecki: Polacy i Ukraińcy; Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej; Warsaw, 1993.
• Wiktor Poliszczuk: Bitter Truth. Legal and Political Assessment of the OUN and UPA, Toronto-Warsaw-Kiev, 1995.
• Władysław & Ewa Siemaszko: Ludobojstwo na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945 (eng: The Genocide Carried Out by Ukrainian Nationalists on the Polish Population of the Volhynia Region 1939-1945., Warsaw, 2000.
• Filip Ozarowski: Wolyn Aflame, Publishing House WICI, 1977, ISBN 0-9655488-1-3.
• Tadeusz Piotrowski: Genocide and Rescue in Wolyn: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist, Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II, McFarland & Company, 2000, ISBN 0-7864-0773-5.
• Tadeusz Piotrowski: Vengeance of the Swallows: Memoir of a Polish Family's Ordeal Under Soviet Aggression, Ukrainian Ethnic Cleansing and Nazi Enslavement, and Their Emigration to America, McFarland & Company, 1995, ISBN 0-7864-0001-3.
• Dr. Bronislaw Kusnierz: Stalin and the Poles, Hollis & Carter, 1949.
• Dr. Dariusz Łukasiewicz: Czarna legenda Polski: Obraz Polski i Polaków w Prusach 1772-1815 (The black legend of Poland: the image of Poland and Poles in Prussia between 1772-1815) Wydawnictwo Poznanskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciól Nauk, 1995. Vol. 51 of the history and social sciences series. ISBN 83-7063-148-7. Paper. In Polish with English and German summaries.
• Eduard v. Hartmanns Schlagwort vom "Ausrotten der Polen" : Antipolonismus und Antikatholizismus im Kaiserreich / Helmut Neubach.
• 'Erbfeindschaften': Antipolonismus, Preußen- und Deutschlandhaß, deutsche Ostforschung und polnische Westforschung, [w:] Deutschland und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert, red. U. A. J. Bechner, W. Borodziej, t. Maier, Hannover 2001

Further reading

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anti-Polonism

Look up anti-Polonism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The Forgotten Holocaust (mass deportations of Poles to the Soviet Union during WWII) article
• A Forgotten Odyssey (mass deportations of Poles to the Soviet Union during WWII) website
• "False terminology in the foreign media used in reference to Nazi German concentration camps in occupied Poland" - Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs report
• The Institute of National Remembrance
• Linguistic imprecision? (anti-Polish bias in the English-language media)
• Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims - the 5 Million Others
• Alex Kurczaba, 'East Central Europe and Multiculturalism in the American Academy', The Sarmatian Review, 3/1998
• Interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld "We shall not let our country be libeled"
• (Polish) "Takich obozow nie bylo"
• (Polish) Kto pisze w USA nową historię Europy, Polski i II wojny światowej?
• Polonia in Germany
• Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863-1905 (pdf)
• A Polish Deportee Recalls Her Ordeal
• , "No Irish need apply" by a retired Professor of History, University of Illinois in Chicago
• Internet chat revealing anti-Polish sentiments
• David Ives "Polish Jokes and other plays" ISBN 0-8021-4130-7

See also

• Giles Coren
• Nazi crimes in Warmia
• List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms
• Polish plumber
• Nur für Deutsche
• Lebensraum
• World War II crimes in Poland
• Massacre of Lwów professors
• Ostflucht

External links

• (English) Details of the PMI (a group of Polonia who discuss and action such matters as incorrect Polish Concentration camps references in the media)