List of events named massacres

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


This is a list of events named "massacre". The term suggests mass murder and its usage may be controversial.

The English word massacre comes from Middle French, derived from Old French maçacre (and variants) "slaughterhouse, butcher's shop". The term maçacre was already used in Anglo-Norman in the sense of "slaughter of many people" in the 12th century. The word's ultimate origin is from late Latin mazacrium "slaughter".[1] The first recorded use in English of the word massacre dates to the late 16th century, in reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The Oxford English Dictionary records:[2]

1578 (R. Lindsay, Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 291): "The xxiiij day of August..the grytt..murther and massecar of Paris wes committit."
1593 (Marlowe) "The massacre at Paris"
1617, (F. Moryson Itinerary I. 131) "I wondered to see the Massacre of Paris painted upon the wall."

Massacre can also be used as a verb, (the first usage of which was "1588 J. PENRY Viewe Publ. Wants Wales 65 Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules..are dangerous subjects.")[3], and this usage is not recorded in this list.

Massacre is also used idiomatically for events that do not involve any deaths, such as the Saturday Night Massacre, which was a mass firing of political appointees during the Watergate scandal. Such events are not listed in the table below.

Contents


List of events

Date Location Name Deaths Description
0390-00-00390 Thessaloniki, Greece Massacre of Thessaloniki[4][5] 0,007,000 c.7,000[] A retaliatory action by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I against the inhabitants of the Greek city of Thessaloniki, who had risen in revolt.
1002-11-131002 November 13 Kingdom of England St. Brice's Day massacre[6][7] 0,000,000 unknown Anglo-Saxon king Ethelred II ordered the killing of all Danes living in England.[8]
1066-00-00 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Granada massacre[9][10] 0,004,000 c.4,000[11] A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city.[11][12]
1325-00-00 1325 Crow Creek Site, North America (present South Dakota) Crow Creek Massacre[13][14] 0,000,500 c.500[15] Native Americans indigenous to South Dakota killed Central Plains villagers.[16][15]
1572-00-00 1572 Paris, France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre[17][18] 0,003,000 c.3,000[19]over several days. A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.[20][19][21]
1622-00-00 1622 March 22 Virginia, North America Jamestown Massacre[22][23] 0,000,347 347[] The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony.
1644-0528 1644, May 28 Bolton, England Bolton Massacre 0,000,800 up to 1,600[] Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.[24][25][26]
1644-0528 1649, September 11 Drogheda, Ireland Siege of Drogheda 0,003,000 up to 4,000[27] Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army massacred almost all of the town's defenders and many citizens.[27]
1692-02-13 1692 February 13 Scotland Massacre of Glencoe[28] 0,000,038 38[29] Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.[29]
1770-03-05 1770, March 5 Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay Boston Massacre 0,000,005 5 [30] British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent. [31][32]
1771-07-17 1771 July 17 Kugluktuk, Nunavut Bloody Falls Massacre 0,000,020 20[33] Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.[34][35][36]
1778-09-28 1778, September 28 River Vale, New Jersey Baylor Massacre 0,000,015 15 killed[37] British infantry troops attacked sleeping Continental Light Dragoons using bayonets.[37]
1782-03-08 March 8, 1782 Gnadenhutten, Ohio Gnadenhutten Massacre, also called the Moravian Massacre[38] 0,000,96 96 Pennsylvania militia men attacked a Moravian mission and killed 96 peaceful Christian American Indians there in retaliation for unrelated deaths of several white Pennsylvanians.[39]
1792-00-00 1792 France September Massacres[40][41] 0,001,440 c. 1440[] Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.[42]
1819-08-16 1819, August 16 Manchester, England Peterloo Massacre 0,000,011 11 killed, over 500 injured[43] Armed cavalry charged a peaceful pro-democracy meeting of 60,000 people.[43]
1838-01-00 1838 January Waterloo Creek, Australia Waterloo Creek massacre[44] 0,000,200 100 to 300[] Aboriginal Australians killed. [45][]
1838-06-10 1838, June 10 Myall Creek, Australia Myall Creek massacre[44] 0,000,028 28[] A white posse killed Aboriginal Australians. The perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.[46]
1838-10-30 1838, October 30 Caldwell County, Missouri, United States Haun's Mill massacre[47] 0,000,019 19[] About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators militiamen and volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one ally.[48][49]
1840 1840-1850 Gippsland, Australia Gippsland massacres[50]. 0,000,019 circa 450 [51] 1840 - Nuntin, 1840 - Boney Point, 1841 - Butchers Creek - 30-35, 1841 - Maffra, 1842 - Skull Creek, 1842 - - "hundreds killed", 1843 - Warrigal Creek - between 60 and 180 shot, 1844 - Maffra, 1846 - South Gippsland - 14 killed, 1846 - Snowy River - 8 killed, 1846-47 - Central Gippsland - 50 or more shot, 1850 - East Gippsland - 15-20 killed, 1850 - - 16 poisoned, 1850 - Brodribb River - 15-20 killed.[51]. See also Angus McMillan.
1842-01-06 1842 January 6–January 13 Afghanistan Massacre of Elphinstone's army 0,016,000 16,000[] Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.[52][53][54]
1854-08-201854, August 20 Oregon Territory, United States (near

Caldwell, Idaho)

 Ward massacre[55] 0,000,019 19[55] Shoshone tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[56]
1857-09-11 1857, September 11 Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory, United States Mountain Meadows massacre 0,000,150 120[57]

-140[58]

 Mormon militia , some dressed as Indians, and Paiute tribesmen killed and plundered unarmed members of the Fancher-Baker emigrant wagon train.[59]
1857-11-001857 November Utah Territory, United States Aiken massacre 0,000,006 6[60] Six wealthy Californians travelling through the territory, arrested as spies, released, then killed.[61]
1859-07-271859, July 27 Washington Territory, United States (near Holbrook, Idaho) 0,000,0055[] Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians killed and plundered California emigrant wagon train members..[62]
1859-08-311859, August 31 Washington Territory, United States (near Massacre Rocks, Idaho) 0,000,0088[] Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[63]
1863-08-21 1863, August 21 Kansas, USA Lawrence Massacre 0,000,150 c.150[64][65] Pro-Confederate bushwhackers attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War.[66][67]
1864-11-29 1864, November 29 Kiowa County, Colorado Sand Creek massacre 0,000,200 c. 200[68] Colorado Territory militia destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.[69][70]
1876-00-00 1876, April 30 Ottoman Empire Batak massacre[71][72][73] 0,005,000 5,000[] Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.[74]
1890-12-29 1890, December 29 Wounded Knee, South Dakota Wounded Knee Massacre c.200-300[75] The U.S. 7th Cavalry intercepted a band of Lakota Sioux people on their way to the Pine Ridge Reservation for shelter from the winter; as they were disarming them, a gun was fired, and the soldiers turned their artillery on the Lakota, killing men women and children.[76][77]
1906-03-10 1906, March 10 Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines Moro Crater massacre[78][79] 0,000,900 800 to 1,000[] Forces of the U.S. Army under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, a naval detachment comprising 540 soldiers, along with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.[80]
1915 1915 Ottoman Empire Armenian, Pontic Greek and Assyrian genocide[81] 2,000,000 2 to 3.5 million.[82] The Young Turks government of the failing Ottoman Empire kill about 2 million people, mostly Armenians, in the late 19th century and through out the course of World War I.
1919-04-13 1919, April 13 India Amritsar massacre 0,000,379 379[83][84] British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer fired at unarmed civilians.[83][84]
1920-11-21 1920, November 21 Dublin, Ireland Croke Park Massacre 0,000,023 23[85] British Auxiliary police and Black and Tans fired at Gaelic Football spectators at Croke Park.[86][85]
1921-5-31 1921, May 31 Tulsa, Oklahoma Tulsa Massacre 0,000,300c.300[87] White mobs looted and burned Tulsa's prosperous African American neighborhood, shooting and clubbing to death many of its inhabitants.[88][89][90]
1929-02-14 1929 February 14 Chicago Saint Valentine's Day massacre 0,000,007 7[91] Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.[92]
1930-04-23 1930, April 23 Peshawar, British Raj Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre 0,000,225 200 to 250[93][94] Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement[93][94]
1937-00-00 1937–1938 China Nanking massacre[95][96] (Rape of Nanking) 0,220,000 42,000–400,000, median: 260,000[97] The Japanese Imperial Army pillaged Nanking for six weeks[98]
1940-00-00 1940 Soviet Union Katyn massacre 0,024,000 2,857[99][100] to 25,700[101] Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.[102][103]
1941-00-00 1941 Soviet Union NKVD prisoner massacres 0,100,000 c.100,000[104] The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, or NKVD) executed tens of thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.[105][104]
1941-09-29 1941, September 29 and September 30 Ukraine Babi Yar massacre 0,030,001 more than 30,000[106] Germans killed the Jewish population of Kiev.[106][107][108][109][110]
1942-00-00 1942 Laha Airfield, Ambon Island Laha massacre 0,000,300 ~300[111] The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.[111][112]
1942-06-10 1942 10 June Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Lidice massacre 0,000,340 340[113] Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.[114][113][115]
1944-00-00 1944 Italy Marzabotto massacre 0,001,250 c.700 to 1,800[116] The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.[116][117]
1944-06-10 1944 Oradour-sur-Glane, France Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 0,001,250 642[118] The Waffen SS killed 642 men, women and children without giving any specific reasons for their actions.[118]

[119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124]
1944-12-00 1944, December the Battle of the Bulge, Belgium Malmedy massacre 0,000,088 88[] German soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).[125]
1953-03-26 1953, March 26 Lari near Nairobi, Kenya Lari Massacre 0,000,150 ~150 About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.[126][127]
1960-03-21 1960, March 21 Sharpeville, South Africa Sharpeville massacre 0,000,081 72 to 90[128] South African police shot down black protesters.[129]
1962-00-001962 Novocherkassk, Soviet Union Novocherkassk massacre 0,000,044 23 to 70[130] killed, over 40 wounded[131] The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.[132]
1968-00-00 1968 South Vietnam My Lai massacre 0,000,504 504[133] US soldiers killed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.[133][134]
1968-00-00 1968 Mexico City, Mexico Tlatelolco massacre 0,000,160 25 to 350[135] [136] Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 350 (according to human rights activists) students on the eve of the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre. [136][137]
1970-05-04 May 4, 1970 Kent State University, Ohio, USA Kent State massacre 0,000,004 4[] 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.[138][139][140]
1972-05-30 1972 May 30 Lod, Israel Lod Airport massacre 0,000,02426[141] Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[141][142][143][144][145]
1972-09-05 1972 September 5 Munich, Germany Munich massacre[146] 0,000,011 11[147] Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group.
1974-05-15 1974 May 15 Ma'alot, Israel Ma'alot massacre[148][149] 0,000,005 29[149] Members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrate Israel from Lebanon, shoot and kill a Christian Arab woman and a Jewish couple and their 4 year old son, and then take hostage and kill 22 high school students and three of their adult escorts.[149]
1975-07-31 1975, July 31 Northern Ireland Miami Showband massacre 0,000,005 5[] Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.[150][151][152][153][154]
1976-00-00 1976 Northern Ireland Kingsmill massacre 0,000,010 10[155] Irish republicans shot ten Irish Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.[155][156]
1978-03-11 1978 March 11 Israel Coastal Road massacre 0,000,035 35[157] Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[158][159][157][160]
1982-00-00 1982 Iraq Dujail Massacre 0,000,148 148[161] Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to carry out a reprisal attack against the town, which resulted in 148 of the town's men being killed.[162][161]
1982-09-00 1982 September Lebanon Sabra and Shatila massacre 0,002,000 700 to 3,500 Refugees are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in refugee camps surrounded by Israeli Defence Forces. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[163][164][165]
1985-08-14 1985, 14 August Peru Accomarca massacre 0,000,069 47[166], 69[167] or 74[168] An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.[167]
1987-08-19 1987, August 19 Hungerford, England Hungerford massacre 0,000,016 16[169] A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.[170]
1988-03-16 1988, March 16 Belfast, Northern Ireland Milltown massacre 0,000,003 3[] Ulster Freedom Fighters member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.[171][172]
1990-06-04 1989, June 4 Tiananmen Square, Beijing, People's Republic of China Tiananmen Square Massacre 0,000,600 400 to 3,000[173] Student pro-democracy protestors were killed by the Chinese military.[174][175]
1989-12-06 1989, December 6 École Polytechnique, Montréal, Canada École Polytechnique massacre[176] 0,000,014 14[] Marc Lépine, claiming to fight feminism, shot and killed 14 female students of the École Polytechnique de Montréal and wounded 14 other people before turning his gun on himself. The event led to stricter gun control laws[177] and changes in police tactical response to shootings in Canada.[178]
1991-12-11 1991, November 12 Dili, East Timor Santa Cruz Massacre 0,000,271 271 [179] Indonesian troops fired upon a peaceful memorial procession in Dili, East Timor that had turned into a pro-independence demonstration during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. More than 271 East Timorese were killed at the Santa Cruz cemetery or in hospitals soon after. An equal number disappeared and are believed dead. [180]
1991-00-00 1991 Croatia Vukovar massacre 0,000,264 264[] Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.[181] [182] [183] [184]
1992-02-6 1992 February 26 Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Khojaly massacre 0,000,613 613[185] Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, captured the town of Khojaly. The death toll according to the Government of Azerbaijan was 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children.[186][187][188]
1992-04-10 1992 April 10 , Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Maraghar Massacre 0,000,45 45[189] Azerbaijani forces attacked the ethnic Armenian town of .According to Caroline Cox, who observed the damage and interviewed eyewitnesses, the Azerbaijani forces decapitated about forty five villagers, burned and looted much of the town, and kidnapped about one hundred women and children[190]. The inhabitants of Maraghar who were driven out after the attack were unable to return to their village after the cease-fire of 1994, as the area was still under Azeri control.
1993-01-8 1993 January 8 Palatine, Illinois Brown's Chicken massacre 0,000,007 7 Seven people were murdered at the Brown's Chicken and Pasta in Palatine[191]
1993-10-30 1993, October 30 Greysteel, Northern Ireland Greysteel massacre 0,000,008 8[] Ulster Freedom Fighters opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol.[192][193][194][195][196][197][198]
1993-00-00 1993 Brazil Yanomami Massacre 0,000,044 c.16[199] to 73[200] Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people.
1994-00-00 1994 West Bank Cave of the Patriarchs massacre[201][202]/Ibrahimi Mosque massacre[203] 0,000,029 29[] Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle killing 29 Muslims and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque before being subdued and beaten to death.[204][205]
1995-01-22 1995, January 22 Israel Beit Lid massacre 0,000,021 22[206] First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[207][208][209][210]
1995-00-00 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Srebrenica massacre 0,008,000 c.8,000[211] Units of the Army of Republika Srpska killed male Bosniaks; the largest mass killing in Europe since World War II.[211][212]
1996-03-13 1996, March 13 Scotland Dunblane massacre 0,000,018 18[] A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.[213][214][215]
1996-04-29 1996, April 29 Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Port Arthur massacre 0,000,018 35.[216] The Port Arthur massacre of 28 April 1996 was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 35 people and wounded 21 others mainly at the historic tourist site Port Arthur in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. The massacre remains Australia's deadliest mass killing spree and remains one of the deadliest such incidents worldwide in recent times.[217]
1996-00-00 1996 Lebanon 1996 shelling of Qana, AKA: Qana Massacre[218][219] 0,000,106 106[] Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately two hundred Lebanese civilians.[220]

[221] [222] [223][224]
1999-04-20 1999, April 20 Littleton, Colorado, United States Columbine High School Massacre 0.000.015 15[] Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide.
2000-07-27 2000, July 27 West Bengal, India Nanoor massacre 0,000,011 11[] Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[225][226][227]
2002-03-27 2002 March 27 Netanya, Israel Passover massacre 0,000,030 30[228] Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility. [228][229][230][231][232]
2004-09-01 2004, September 1 Beslan, Russian Federation Beslan School Massacre 0,000,334 334[] Armed Chechen separatists[233] took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.[234][235][236]
2007-04-16 2007, April 16 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States Virginia Tech massacre[237][238] 0,000,033 33[] Cho Seung-Hui shoots and kills 32 people, and wounds 25 others, in two separate shootings on the campus of Virginia Tech. Cho later committed suicide.
2008-05-16 2008, May 16 Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines RCBC Bank Robbery Massacre 0,000,010 10[] 10 people (including a security guard and a depositor) at a RCBC bank branch in Laguna were killed during a bank robbery. Nine of the victims died on the scene and one died later at a hospital. Laguna police chief said it was the worst bank robbery in Philippine history. Initial reports claimed that two security guards who were supposed to be on their shift were missing, leading authorities to suspect they were involved in the crime as part of an inside job.[239]
2008-12-25 2008, December 25 Palestine, Gaza Strip Gaza Massacre[240][241][242] 0,000,500 500[] Israel attacks from air and ground so killing over 500 people, 150 claimed to be Hamas militans, after Hamas killing 2 Israeli by so called missile attacks.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, etymology for massacre, n.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
  4. ^ John Julius Norwich (1989). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. New York: Knopf. pp. 112. ISBN 0394537785, OCLC 18164817. 
  5. ^ Edward Gibbon, D. M. Low (1960). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. ch. 27 2:56. OCLC 402038. 
  6. ^ Ann Williams (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London. pp. 54. ISBN 1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838. 
  7. ^ Simon Hall (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2. 
  8. ^ Staff. Saint Brices Day massacre, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 26 December 2007
  9. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press. pp. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7. 
  10. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9. 
  11. ^ a b Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  12. ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Abraham Ibd Daud: On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 11Cent
  13. ^ Lane A. Beck (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5. 
  14. ^ Michal Strutin (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Momuments Association. pp. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0. 
  15. ^ a b Staff. The Crow Creek Massacre www.nebraskastudies.org
  16. ^ Staff, Crow Creek Massacre, University of South Dakota
  17. ^ Alastair Armstrong (2003). France, 1500-1715. London: Heinemann Education Publishers. pp. 65. ISBN 0435327518. 
  18. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Tucson, AZ: University of California Press. pp. 324. ISBN 0-520-04090-2. 
  19. ^ a b Staff. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Columbia Encyclopedia, Questia Online Library
  20. ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  21. ^ Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
  22. ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
  23. ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
  24. ^ Bolton history
  25. ^ Lonely Planet
  26. ^ John Tincey, Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End: Osprey Publishing (March 11, 2003) ISBN 1841763349 p 33 "the `massacre at Bolton' became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda"
  27. ^ a b [Mícheál Ó Siochrú/RTÉ ONE, Cromwell in Ireland Part 1. Broadcast 9/9/2008]
  28. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 ‘H. MACDIARMID’ Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
  29. ^ a b Glencoe, engraved by W. Miller after J.M.W. Turner, Edinburgh University library
  30. ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, W.W.Norton and Co.(1970), 199-200.
  31. ^ Boston Massacre - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  32. ^ Boston Massacre
  33. ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
  34. ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries Accessed 23 December, 2007
  35. ^ Staff, Samuel Hearne and David Thompson, trekking in the footsteps, HighBeam Research, (From: Manitoba History Society| Date: 6/1/2005| Author: Binning, Alexander)
  36. ^ Bloody Falls, The Canadian Encyclopedia
  37. ^ a b Wright, Kevin W.. "OVERKILL: Revolutionary War Reminiscences of River Vale". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved on 2008-10-31.
  38. ^ [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=499
  39. ^ Id.
  40. ^ Historywiz.com
  41. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
  42. ^ Dwyer, Phillip and McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 66. ISBN 978-0415199070. 
  43. ^ a b "New plaque for massacre memorial", BBC, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  44. ^ a b National Centre for History Education (Australia)
  45. ^ "Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience", Bruce Elder, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2003
  46. ^ "Myall Creek Massacre", Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
  47. ^ FAQ "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" - Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
  48. ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
  49. ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
  50. ^ Gardner, P.D.. (2001) , Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800-1860, Ngarak Press, Essay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
  51. ^ a b Gippsland Settlers and the Kurnai Dead - Patrick Morgan - Quadrant Magazine
  52. ^ Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897
  53. ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-42
  54. ^ Massacre of Elphinstone's army
  55. ^ a b Staff. Snake River Massacre Account by One of the Survivors, Oregon Historical Society, 2002 .
  56. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 73-102. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  57. ^ Carleton, James Henry (1859), (Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Washington: Government Printing Office (published 1902), http://books.g