Portal:Crusades
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The Crusades were a series of military conflicts of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal threats. Crusades were fought against Muslims, pagan Slavs, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were originally launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. The term is also used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted in territories outside the Levant usually against pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication for a mixture of religious, economic, and political reasons. Rivalries among both Christian and Muslim powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Sultanate of Rum during the Fifth Crusade. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders.  The battle marked the high point of the initial Turkish incursions and was followed up two years later with a large influx of Turkish settlers and soldiers, many at the request of the crumbling Byzantine Empire. However, the battle was not the slaughter that many historians, including contemporary writers, have stressed it to be — large numbers of mercenaries and Anatolian levies fled and survived the battle, thanks in part to Alp Arslan's refusal to pursue them. All the Byzantine commanders, including Romanus, survived to participate in the numerous civil conflicts that wrecked Anatolia. Nonetheless, the Byzantine Empire would never be able to muster a force as large, nor as distantly projected as that which took part in the fateful battle.  This bronze equestrian statue of the crusader Richard I of England brandishing his sword by Carlo Marochetti stands outside the Palace of Westminster in London.
 He impressed King Henry II of England while bishop, and the king insisted that Baldwin become archbishop. While archbishop, Baldwin quarrelled with his cathedral clergy over the founding of a church, which led to the imprisonment of the clergy in their cloister for over a year. He also spent some time in Wales with Gerald of Wales, preaching and raising money for the Third Crusade. After the coronation of King Richard the Lionheart of England, Baldwin was sent ahead by the king to the Holy Land, and became embroiled in the politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin died in the Holy Land while participating in the Crusade. His dispute with his clergy led some chroniclers to characterize him as worse for Christianity than Saladin. [−] Crusades
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[+] Crusades portal
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 Background: Pilgrimage • Holy Land • Church of the Holy Sepulchre • German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065 • Theology of sacred violence • Battle of Manzikert • Council of Piacenza • Council of Clermont • Jihad Realms and dynasties: Great Seljuq Empire • Fatimid Caliphate • Kingdom of Jerusalem • Principality of Antioch • County of Tripoli • County of Edessa • Kingdom of Cyprus • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia • Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus • Ayyubid dynasty • Almohad dynasty • Latin Empire • Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights • Mamluks • Mongol Empire • Lusignan dynasty • Duchy of Athens • Duchy of the Archipelago • Rise of the Ottoman Empire • Holy League • Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem • Archdiocese of Tyre • Archdiocese of Nazareth • Archdiocese of Caesarea • Archdiocese of Petra • Latin Patriarchate of Antioch • Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Cities and castles: Jerusalem • Citadel of Salah Ed-Din • Constantinople • Acre • Krak des Chevaliers • Famagusta Campaigns and battles: First Crusade • Siege of Jerusalem • Reconquista • Second Crusade • Siege of Damascus • Northern Crusades • Battle of Hattin • Third Crusade • Battle of Arsuf • Livonian Crusade • German Crusade • Crusades in Italy • Fourth Crusade • Albigensian Crusade • Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa • Children's Crusade • Fifth Crusade • Siege of Damietta • Prussian Crusade • Sixth Crusade • Seventh Crusade • Battle of Al Mansurah • Shepherds' Crusade • Eighth Crusade • Ninth Crusade • Aragonese Crusade • Alexandrian Crusade • • Battle of Nicopolis • Hussite Wars • Crusade of Varna • Fall of Constantinople • Siege of Belgrade • Ottoman invasion of Otranto • Fall of Rhodes • Ottoman-Habsburg wars • Battle of Mohács • Battle of Lepanto • Spanish Armada • Battle of Vienna People: al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah • Pope Urban II • Godfrey of Bouillon • Bernard of Clairvaux • Baldwin of Exeter • Saladin • Richard I of England • Louis IX of France • James I of Aragon • Marino Sanuto the Elder • Pope Clement VI • Timur • John Hunyadi • Muhammad XII of Granada • Thomas Stukley • al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din Military orders: Knights Templars • History of the Knights Templar • Knights Hospitaller • Military orders of the Reconquista • Teutonic Knights Legacy: History of the Jews and the Crusades • • • • Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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